Awọn ogun Naval fun Guadalcanal apakan 2
Ọkan ninu awọn ọkọ oju-omi ogun Amẹrika tuntun, USS Washington, jẹ ogun japaani ti o ṣẹgun Kirishima ni Ogun Keji ti Guadalcanal ni Oṣu kọkanla ọjọ 15, ọdun 1942.
Lẹhin igbasilẹ ti papa ọkọ ofurufu Guadalcanal, awọn ọkọ oju omi Amẹrika ti ni okun ni ayika rẹ, ko ni awọn ipa ti o to ati awọn ọna lati gba erekusu naa. Lẹhin ilọkuro ti awọn ọkọ oju-omi titobi Amẹrika si guusu ila-oorun, awọn Marines ni a fi silẹ nikan. Ni ipo yii, awọn ẹgbẹ mejeeji ṣe igbiyanju lati fun awọn ọmọ ogun wọn lagbara lori erekusu naa, eyiti o yori si ọpọlọpọ awọn ogun ọkọ oju omi. Wọn ja pẹlu oriire oriṣiriṣi, ṣugbọn ni ipari, Ijakadi ti o pẹ ti jade lati jẹ ere diẹ sii fun awọn ara Amẹrika. Kii ṣe nipa iwọntunwọnsi ti awọn adanu, ṣugbọn pe wọn ko gba awọn Japanese laaye lati padanu Guadalcanal lẹẹkansi. Awọn ọmọ ogun oju omi ṣe ipa nla ninu eyi.
Nigbati awọn gbigbe Kontradm osi. Turner, awọn Marini wa nikan lori Guadalcanal. Iṣoro ti o tobi julọ ni akoko yẹn ni ailagbara lati ṣabọ 155-mm howitzer squadron ti 11th Marine Regiment (Artillery) ati awọn ibon ohun ija eti okun 127-mm lati 3rd Defensive Battalion. Bayi ọkan ninu awọn akọkọ awọn iṣẹ-ṣiṣe ni lati ṣẹda kan idurosinsin dada ni ayika papa (ni a rinhoho pẹlu kan iwọn ti nipa 9 km) ati ki o mu papa sinu ipo iṣẹ. Ero naa ni lati gbe agbara afẹfẹ si erekusu naa, eyiti yoo jẹ ki ko ṣee ṣe lati fi agbara si ẹgbẹ-ogun Japanese ati ki o bo awọn gbigbe ipese ti ara wọn ni ọna si Guadalcanal.
Atako si agbara afẹfẹ Amẹrika ọjọ iwaju lori erekusu naa (eyiti a pe ni Cactus Air Force, niwon awọn Amẹrika ti a pe ni Guadalcanal “Cactus”) jẹ ipilẹ ọkọ oju omi Japanese ni agbegbe Rabaul ti New Britain. Lẹhin ikọlu Amẹrika lori Guadalcanal, awọn ara ilu Japaani gbe soke 25th Air Flotilla ni Rabaul, eyiti yoo rọpo nipasẹ 26th Air Flotilla. Lẹhin dide ti igbehin, a ṣe itọju rẹ bi imuduro, kii ṣe bi itẹriba. Awọn akopọ ti ọkọ ofurufu ni Rabaul yipada, ṣugbọn ni Oṣu Kẹwa ọdun 1942, fun apẹẹrẹ, akopọ jẹ bi atẹle:
- 11. Ofurufu Fleet, Igbakeji Adm. Nishizo Tsukahara, Rabaul;
- 25th Air Flotilla (Alakoso fun Awọn eekaderi Sadayoshi Hamada): Tainan Air Group - 50 Zero 21, Tōkō Air Group - 6 B5N Kate, 2nd Air Group - 8 Zero 32, 7 D3A Val;
- 26th Air Flotilla (Igbakeji Admiral Yamagata Seigo): Misawa Air Group - 45 G4M Betty, 6th Air Group - 28 Zero 32, 31st Air Group - 6 D3A Val, 3 G3M Nell;
- 21. Air Flotilla (Rinosuke Ichimaru): 751. Air Group - 18 G4M Betty, Yokohama Air Group - 8 H6K Mavis, 3 H8K Emily, 12 A6M2-N Rufe.
Awọn ologun ilẹ Japanese ti Imperial ti o le laja lori Guadalcanal jẹ Ọmọ-ogun 17th, ti aṣẹ nipasẹ Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake. Gbogbogbo Hyakutake, lakoko ti o tun jẹ olori-ogun, jẹ asomọ ologun Japan ni Warsaw lati 1925-1927. Lẹhinna o ṣiṣẹ ninu Ẹgbẹ ọmọ ogun Kwantung ati lẹhinna di awọn ipo oriṣiriṣi ni Japan. Ni ọdun 1942, aṣẹ ti Ogun 17th rẹ wa ni Rabaul. O paṣẹ fun Ẹgbẹ ẹlẹsẹ 2nd “Sendai” ni Philippines ati Java, Ẹgbẹ ẹlẹsẹ 38th “Nagoya” ni Sumatra ati Borneo, Ẹgbẹ ọmọ ogun ẹlẹsẹ 35th ni Palau ati 28th Infantry Regiment (lati 7th Infantry Division) ni Truk. . Lẹ́yìn náà, wọ́n dá Ẹgbẹ́ ọmọ ogun 18th tuntun kan sílẹ̀ láti ṣiṣẹ́ ní New Guinea.
Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto tun bẹrẹ si ko awọn ologun jọ lati da si agbegbe Solomoni. Ni akọkọ, 2nd Fleet ti firanṣẹ si New Britain labẹ aṣẹ ti Igbakeji Adm. Nobutake Kondo, ti o wa ninu ẹgbẹ 4th cruiser squadron (flagship heavy cruiser Atago ati awọn twins Takao ati Maya) labẹ aṣẹ taara ti Igbakeji Admiral. Kondo ati awọn 5th cruiser squadron (eru cruisers Myoko ati Haguro) labẹ aṣẹ ti Vice Adm. Takeo Takagi. Awọn ọkọ oju-omi kekere marun ti o wuwo ni o wa nipasẹ Apanirun 4th Flotilla labẹ aṣẹ Kontrrad. Tamotsu Takama ngbenu cruiser Yura. Flotilla naa pẹlu awọn apanirun Kuroshio, Oyashio, Hayashio, Minegumo, Natsugumo ati Asagumo. Chitose ti n gbe ọkọ oju-omi okun ti ṣafikun si ẹgbẹ naa. Gbogbo nkan naa ni a samisi bi “aṣẹ ilọsiwaju”.
Dipo kikoju awọn ologun ti Ọgagun sinu ẹgbẹ ti o lagbara kan, tabi awọn ẹgbẹ ti n ṣiṣẹ ni isunmọ isunmọ, sunmọ rẹ, adm. Yamamoto pin awọn ọkọ oju-omi ọkọ oju-omi kekere si ọpọlọpọ awọn ẹgbẹ ọgbọn, eyiti o yẹ ki o ṣiṣẹ ni ominira, ni ijinna pupọ si ara wọn. Iyapa yẹn ko ṣiṣẹ ni Okun Coral, ko ṣiṣẹ ni Midway, ko ṣiṣẹ ni Guadalcanal. Kilode ti iru ifaramọ si ẹkọ ibile ti tuka ti awọn ologun ọta? O ṣee ṣe nitori pe awọn alakoso lọwọlọwọ ṣe igbega rẹ ṣaaju ogun ati rọ awọn alaga mejeeji ati awọn abẹlẹ lati tẹle rẹ. Njẹ wọn jẹwọ bayi pe wọn ṣe aṣiṣe? A pin ọkọ oju-omi kekere naa si awọn apakan lati “dapo” ọta ati fa idamu awọn ologun wọn kuro, pẹlu iru awọn ilana ti o tumọ si pe awọn ẹgbẹ kọọkan le ni irọrun run ni awọn ikọlu atẹle.
O jẹ fun idi eyi pe, ni afikun si "ẹgbẹ iwaju", "ẹgbẹ iwaju" labẹ aṣẹ ti counterattack (ti a mọ ni "Kido Butai") ti yapa si awọn ologun akọkọ. Hiroaki Abe. Pataki ti aṣẹ yii ni awọn ọkọ oju-omi ogun meji, Hiei (ọkọ oju-omi asia) ati Kirishima, ti a ṣabọ nipasẹ ọkọ oju-omi ọkọ ofurufu Chikuma ti Squadron Cruiser 8th. Ẹgbẹ yii tun pẹlu 7th cruiser squadron, eyiti o jẹ aṣẹ nipasẹ Rad ẹhin. Shoji Nishimura pẹlu eru cruisers Kumano ati Suzuya ati awọn 10th apanirun Flotilla labẹ awọn pipaṣẹ ti Counterrad. Susumu Kimura: ina cruiser Nagara ati apanirun Nowaki, Maikaze ati Tanikaze.
Awọn ipa akọkọ ti Kido Butai labẹ aṣẹ ti Igbakeji Adm. Chuichi Nagumo pẹlu ọkọ oju-omi titobi 3rd labẹ aṣẹ taara rẹ: awọn ọkọ oju-ofurufu Shokaku ati Zuikaku, ti ngbe ọkọ ofurufu ina Ryujo, iyoku ti 8th cruiser squadron - ohun orin ọkọ oju-ofurufu ati awọn apanirun ( iyoku ti 10th flotilla): "Kazagumo", "Yugumo", "Akigumigumo". , Kamigumigumo Hatsukaze, Akizuki, Amatsukaze ati Tokitsukaze. Awọn ẹgbẹ meji miiran wa, “ẹgbẹ atilẹyin” ti ọkọ-ogun “Mutsu” labẹ aṣẹ Captain Mutsu, com. Teijiro Yamazumi, eyiti o tun pẹlu awọn apanirun mẹta "Harusame", "Samidare" ati "Murasame", bakanna pẹlu "ẹgbẹ afẹyinti" labẹ aṣẹ ti ara ẹni ti adm. Isoroku Yamamoto, ti o wa ninu ọkọ oju-omi ogun Yamato, ti ngbe ọkọ ofurufu Junyō, ti ngbe ọkọ ofurufu ti o tẹle Taiyo, ati awọn apanirun meji ti Akebono ati Ushio.
Ti ngbe ọkọ ofurufu Junyō ti ṣẹda nipasẹ atunṣe ọkọ oju-omi ọkọ oju omi Kashiwara Maru ṣaaju ki o to pari. Bakanna, Hiy ti ngbe ọkọ ofurufu kanna ni a kọ sori ọkọ oju-omi ibeji Izumo Maru, ti o tun ra lakoko ikole lati ọdọ oniwun ọkọ oju omi Nippon Yusen Kaisha. Niwọn bi awọn ẹya wọnyi ti lọra pupọ (o kere ju ọdun 26th), a ko kà wọn si bi awọn arukọ ọkọ ofurufu, botilẹjẹpe wọn tobi ju fun awọn gbigbe ọkọ ofurufu ina (ju 24 toonu nipo).
Sibẹsibẹ, eyi kii ṣe gbogbo rẹ, nitori iṣẹ-ṣiṣe ti jiṣẹ awọn convoys pẹlu awọn imuduro ati awọn ipese si Guadalcanal ni a yàn si akojọpọ miiran - 8th Fleet labẹ aṣẹ ti Igbakeji Adm. Gunichi Mikawa. O je taara ti eru oko oju omi Chōkai ati awọn 6th Cruiser Squadron labẹ aṣẹ ti Kontrrad. Aritomo Goto pẹlu eru cruisers Aoba, Kinugasa ati Furutaka. Wọn ti bo nipasẹ awọn apanirun lati 2nd Apanirun Flotilla labẹ aṣẹ ti Kontrad. Raizō Tanaka pẹlu ina cruiser Jintsu ati awọn apanirun Suzukaze, Kawakaze, Umikaze, Isokaze, Yayoi, Mutsuki ati Uzuki. Agbara yii darapọ mọ awọn ọkọ oju-omi alabobo mẹrin (Nos. 1, 2, 34 and 35), eyiti a tun ṣe awọn apanirun atijọ, pẹlu awọn ibon 120 mm meji ati awọn ibon egboogi-ofurufu meji ati idiyele ijinle ti o ṣubu ọkọọkan.
Eyi ni Igbakeji Admiral 8th ti Fleet. A yan Mikawi lati fi Ẹgbẹ ọmọ ogun ẹlẹsẹ 28th labẹ aṣẹ Colonel F. Kiyonao Ichika si Guadalcanal. Awọn rejimenti ti a pin si meji awọn ẹya. Pipin ti o yatọ ti ijọba, ti o ni awọn olori 916 ati awọn ọmọ-ogun ti Colonel V. Ichiki, ni ori, o yẹ ki o gbe awọn apanirun mẹfa ti o wa labẹ ideri alẹ: Kagero, Hagikaze, Arashi, Tanikaze, Hamakaze ati Urakaze. Lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́, ìyókù àwọn ológun náà (nǹkan bí 700 ọkùnrin pẹ̀lú ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ohun èlò tó wúwo) ni kí wọ́n gbé lọ sí Guadalcanal nípasẹ̀ àwọn arìnrìn àjò méjì, Boston Maru àti Daifuku Maru, pẹ̀lú ọkọ̀ ojú omi iná Jintsu àti àwọn patrols méjì, No. 34 àti 35 Ìkẹta ọkọ̀, Kinryū Maru, gbé nǹkan bí ọgọ́rùn-ún mẹ́rin [800] jagunjagun láti Ẹ̀ka Ìpínlẹ̀ Karùn-ún ti Yokosuka. Ni apapọ, awọn eniyan 5 ni a gbe lọ si Guadalcanal lati Truk Island, ati pe 2400th Fleet lọ bi alabobo gigun. Sibẹsibẹ, gbogbo adm. Yamamoto ni lati pese afikun ideri lakoko ti Alakoso Ilu Japan nireti lati fa awọn Amẹrika sinu ogun pataki miiran ati kọlu pada lẹhin Midway.
Awọn agbara ti adm. Yamamota kuro ni Japan ni Oṣu Kẹjọ Ọjọ 13, Ọdun 1942. Diẹ diẹ lẹhinna, ọkọ irinna lati Truk lọ silẹ lati ṣakoso gbogbo iṣẹ naa, eyiti awọn ara ilu Japanese ti pe “Operation Ka”.
Ikuna ti isẹ Ka
Ni Oṣu Kẹjọ Ọjọ 15, Ọdun 1942, awọn ọkọ oju omi ipese Amẹrika de Guadalcanal fun igba akọkọ lati awọn ibalẹ. Otitọ, awọn apanirun mẹrin nikan ni o yipada si gbigbe: USS Colhoun, USS Little, USS Gregory ati USS McKean, ṣugbọn wọn mu awọn ohun elo akọkọ ti o ṣe pataki lati ṣeto papa ọkọ ofurufu ni Lunga Point (Henderson Field). Awọn agba epo 400 wa, awọn agba 32 ti lubricant, awọn bombu 282 ti o ṣe iwọn 45-227 kg, awọn ohun elo apoju ati awọn irinṣẹ iṣẹ.
Ni ọjọ kan nigbamii, Oite apanirun atijọ ti Ilu Japan pese awọn ọmọ ogun 113 ati awọn ipese fun ẹgbẹ-ogun Japanese ti erekusu naa, eyiti o ni pataki ti awọn oluranlọwọ ọkọ oju omi, awọn ọmọ ogun ikole, ati nọmba pataki ti awọn ẹrú Korea ti a ko le rii bi awọn olugbeja erekusu naa. Awọn Marini Japanese, pẹlu awọn iyokù ti Kure's 3rd Marine Group ati awọn eroja tuntun ti Yokosuka's 5th Marine Group, wa ni ipo ni apa iwọ-oorun ti eti okun Amẹrika ni Henderson Field. Awọn ologun ilẹ Japanese, ni iyatọ, ti a fi odi si ila-oorun ti bridgehead.
Ni Oṣu Kẹjọ Ọjọ 19, awọn apanirun mẹta ti Ilu Japan, Kagero, Hagikaze, ati Arashi, tabọn si awọn Marines AMẸRIKA ati pe awọn Amẹrika ko ni esi. Ko si igbero 127 mm awọn ege artillery eti okun sibẹsibẹ. Lẹhinna B-17 ijoko kan wa lati 11th Espiritu Santo Bombardment Group, ti a ṣe awakọ nipasẹ Major J. James Edmundson. Awọn nikan ni ọkan Lọwọlọwọ setan lati fo. Ó ju ọ̀wọ́ bọ́ǹbù sórí àwọn apanirun Japan láti ibi gíga tí ó ga ní nǹkan bí 1500 m, àti pé, ìyàlẹ́nu, ọ̀kan lára àwọn bọ́ǹbù wọ̀nyí kọlu! Apanirun Hagikaze ni a lu ni ẹhin ti turret akọkọ
cal. 127 mm bombu - 227 kg.
Bombu naa ba turret naa jẹ, omi ṣan agbeko ohun ija aft, ti bajẹ RUDDER o si fọ skru kan, o dinku iyara apanirun si 6 V. Pẹlu 33 pa ati 13 ti o gbọgbẹ, Hagikaze mu Arashi lọ si Truk, nibiti o ti ṣe atunṣe. Ibon naa duro. Major Edmundson rin kekere si isalẹ awọn eti okun ni Henderson Field o si wi o dabọ si awọn igbe ti awọn Marini.
Ni Oṣu Kẹjọ Ọjọ 20, ọkọ ofurufu akọkọ ti de Henderson Field: 19 F4F Wildcats lati VMF-223, aṣẹ nipasẹ Capt. F. John L. Smith, ati 12 SBD Dauntless lati VMSB-232, ti paṣẹ nipasẹ pataki kan. Richard S. Mangrum. Awọn ọkọ ofurufu wọnyi ti lọ kuro ni ti ngbe ọkọ ofurufu USS Long Island (CVE-1), arukọ ofurufu akọkọ ti Amẹrika. Ní alẹ́ ọjọ́ yẹn, ìkọlù àwọn ọmọ ogun ilẹ̀ Japan bí 850 lábẹ́ ìdarí Colonel S. Ichiki, tí wọ́n kọ̀ jálẹ̀ nígbà tí wọ́n pa àwọn ọmọ ogun Japan run pátápátá. Ninu awọn ọmọ ogun 916 ti o fẹgun ti Ẹgbẹ ọmọ ogun ẹlẹsẹ 28th, 128 nikan ni o ye.
Nibayi, awọn ọkọ oju-omi kekere ti Japan n sunmọ Guadalcanal. Ni Oṣu Kẹjọ Ọjọ 20, ọkọ oju omi ti n fo ni Ilu Japan kan rii USS Long Island o ṣiye rẹ fun ti ngbe ọkọ ofurufu ti ọkọ oju-omi kekere AMẸRIKA. Ọ̀wọ́ ọkọ̀ ojú omi mẹ́ta tí a fi agbára múlẹ̀ ṣe aṣáájú-ọ̀nà ìkọlù kan tí àwọn ọmọ ogun Japan darí. Raizo Tanaka ti paṣẹ lati yipada si ariwa lati mu ọkọ ofurufu Amẹrika wa si agbegbe agbara afẹfẹ Rabaul. Lati guusu ila-oorun, ni apa keji, convoy ipese Amẹrika kan pẹlu gbigbe USS Fomalhaut (AKA-5) ati USS Alhena (AKA-9) ni itọsọna taara ti awọn apanirun USS Blue (DD-387), USS Henley (DD-391) . ) ati USS Helm n sunmọ Guadalcanal (DD-388). Sibẹsibẹ, pataki julọ, ideri ọfẹ ti convoy ni awọn ẹgbẹ idasesile mẹta labẹ aṣẹ apapọ ti Vice Adm. Frank "Jack" Fletcher.
O paṣẹ fun USS Saratoga (CV-3), ti ngbe ọkọ ofurufu ti Task Force 11, ti o gbe 28 F4Fs (VF-5), 33 SBDs (VB-3 ati VS-3) ati 13 TBF Avengers (VT-8). Ti gbe ọkọ ofurufu naa lọ nipasẹ awọn atukọ nla USS Minneapolis (CA-36) ati USS New Orleans (CA-32) ati awọn apanirun USS Phelps (DD-360), USS Farragut (DD-348), USS Worden (DD-352) ). , USS Macdonough (DD-351) ati USS Dale (DD-353).
Ẹgbẹ keji ti Agbofinro 16 labẹ aṣẹ Counterradm. Thomas C. Kincaid ti ṣeto ni ayika USS Enterprise ti ngbe ọkọ ofurufu (CV-6). Lori ọkọ wà 29 F4F (VF-6), 35 SBD (VB-6, VS-5) ati 16 TBF (VT-3). TF-16 ti a bo nipasẹ: titun battleship USS North Carolina (BB-55), eru cruiser USS Portland (CA-33), egboogi-ofurufu cruiser USS Atlanta (CL-51) ati awọn apanirun USS Balch (DD- 363), USS Maury (DD-401), USS Ellet (DD-398), USS Benham (DD-397), USS Grayson (DD-435), ati USS Monssen (DD-436).
Ẹgbẹ kẹta ti Agbofinro 18 labẹ aṣẹ Counterrad. Lee H. Noyes ti ṣeto ni ayika ọkọ ofurufu USS Wasp (CV-7). O gbe 25 F4Fs (VF-71), 27 SBDs (VS-71 ati VS-72), 10 TBFs (VT-7) ati ọkan amphibious J2F Duck. Awọn alabobo ti gbe nipasẹ awọn ọkọ oju-omi kekere ti USS San Francisco (CA-38) ati USS Salt Lake City (CA-25), ọkọ oju-omi kekere ti ọkọ ofurufu USS Juneau (CL-52) ati awọn apanirun USS Farenholt (DD-491), USS Aaroni. Ward (DD-483), USS Buchanan (DD-484), USS Lang (DD-399), USS Stack (DD-406), USS Sterett (DD-407) ati USS Selfridge (DD-357).
Ni afikun, awọn ọkọ ofurufu ti o ṣẹṣẹ de ti wa ni ibudo ni Gaudalcanal, ati pe ẹgbẹ bombu 11th (25 B-17E / F) ati 33 PBY-5 Catalina pẹlu VP-11, VP-14, VP-23 ati VP-72 ti duro lori Espiritu. . Santo.
